To demonstrate conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. A copper disc with a turning handle rotates between two poles of a horse shoe magnet. On base with two terminals, one of which is connected to a pillar supporting the disc and the other to a brush bearing on edge of the disc.

Objective: To construct an optical transmitter and transmission of signal through Fiber Optics Cable. To construct an Optical Receiver and study the Attenuation of Signal when transmitted from Transmitter to Receiver end. Analog and Digital link can also be studied as this unit is complete with Sine and Square Waves. Bending losses can also be studied.

Features: Instrument comprises of Microphone Preamplifier stages consists of MIC (Microphone), Preamplifier and Amplifier (Voice is converted to electrical signal and then amplified) and fed to LED (Transmitter) and then through fibre cable, signal is sent to Photodetector (Transistor) and again amplifier and output is sent to Speaker Unit. Power Supply of +6 VDC is used in Amplifier ckt. 2 No. Fiber Optics cables are provided (one of them is 50 cm long and the other is 100 cm long). One more fiber cable of 50mm length having connector at one end is also provided. Connectors a both end of fiber cable are provided for insertion in sockets provided on the front panel. Bending losses can also be studied in long wire.
Standard: MIC with 2 meter long lead and a Speaker 4”, 4 ohm are mounted in a vertical box.
Accuracy: with 1 meter long connecting leads. 2 No. Fiber optic cable having length of 50 cm and 100 cm are provided.
Optional : Digital multimeter (3 1/2 Digit, Big size Display) This model also include Digital Multimeter and wooden frame for measurement of Numerical aperture i.e. complete in all respect including facility for measurement of numerical aperture.

Plain, long stem

GRADE 1: Suitable for medium retention & flow rate applications. Grade 1 is the standard filter paper and is mostly used filter paper for routine applications in the laboratory. This grade is widely used for clarifying liquids and in qualitative analytical separations for precipitates such as lead sulfate, calcium oxalate & calcium carbonate.

General Properties of Grade 1 are:
1. Particle Retention Liquid – 9 µm,
2. Initial Filtration Speed -155 secs/100 ml,
3. Thickness – 0.20 mm,
4. Weight – 87 g/m2,
5. Dry Bursting Strength – 89 KPa.